Gum disease, or periodontal disease, is a chronic inflammatory condition caused by bacterial plaque biofilm accumulating on teeth and gums. It’s a major cause of tooth loss in adults and is increasingly linked to serious systemic health problems, yet often progresses silently in its early stages.
Stages of Progression: The disease begins as gingivitis, characterized by red, swollen, and tender gums that may bleed easily during brushing or flossing. This stage is reversible with professional cleaning and improved oral hygiene. If left untreated, gingivitis can advance to periodontitis. Here, the inflammation spreads deeper. Toxins from bacteria, combined with the body’s inflammatory response, start to break down the bone and connective tissues (the periodontal ligament) that anchor teeth. Gums recede, forming infected pockets between teeth and gums. As bone loss progresses, teeth become loose and may eventually require extraction. Symptoms can include persistent bad breath, gum recession making teeth look longer, pus between teeth and gums, changes in bite, and loose teeth.
Risk Factors: While plaque is the primary cause, several factors significantly increase susceptibility and severity:
- Smoking/Tobacco Use: Major risk factor; impairs healing.
- Genetics: Some individuals are genetically predisposed.
- Hormonal Changes: Puberty, pregnancy, menopause can increase gum sensitivity.
- Diabetes: Reduces resistance to infection; bidirectional link with periodontitis.
- Medications: Some cause dry mouth or gum overgrowth.
- Poor Nutrition: Weakens immune response.
- Stress: Hampers the body’s ability to fight infection.
- Systemic Diseases: Conditions like AIDS or cancer and their treatments.
The Systemic Link: Research reveals strong associations between severe periodontitis and increased risks of cardiovascular disease (heart attack, stroke), poorly controlled diabetes, respiratory diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and adverse pregnancy outcomes (preterm birth, low birth weight). The chronic inflammation and bacteria from the mouth can enter the bloodstream, affecting other body systems.
Treatment & Management: Treatment ranges from non-surgical scaling and root planing (deep cleaning under local anesthesia to remove plaque, tartar, and bacterial toxins from root surfaces) to surgical procedures (flap surgery, bone grafts, tissue regeneration) for advanced cases. Antibiotics (local or systemic) might be adjunctive. Crucially, successful long-term management requires impeccable daily oral hygiene and strict adherence to professional maintenance schedules (periodontal cleanings every 3-4 months). Early diagnosis and intervention are paramount to halt progression and preserve teeth and overall health.